Electrochemical sensors: From the bench to the skin

Sixty years have passed since Clark proposed the concept of glucose enzyme electrodes. Herein, we review major advances in such analyses based on electrochemical sensor systems over past three decades that paved way to leading role wearable sensing for non-invasive real-time chemical monitoring. These developments chemically modified electrodes, solid-contact potentiometric sensors, printable disposable paper-based devices, soft microfluidic detection systems, and miniaturized instrumentation along with digital revolution related flexible electronics material science facilitated evolution sensors which led exciting possibilities on-body analyses. Particularly, introduction epidermal platforms monitoring health wellness has been found fascinating promising. Such skin-interfaced shown be extremely useful continuous biochemical sweat interstitial fluid (ISF). A driving force these large diabetes management market self-testing strips 1980s 2000s. The current status is discussed future prospects towards broader scope further integration miniaturization realization complete lab-on-the-skin capable multiplexed key biomarkers. use expected bring new opportunities medical diagnostics, wellness, nutrition, will support rapid changes from traditional, blood-centered diagnostics decentralized personalized remote diagnostics.